The University of Queensland

Introduction

• Evidence-based Answers to Clinical Questions for Busy Clinicians (2011) - from the Centre for Clinical Effectiveness (CCE), Melbourne, Australia
• The Evidence Cycle - from the Duke Program on Teaching Evidence-Based Practice
• EBM Librarian Wiki - A wiki to share teaching materials and class handouts.
• Evidence Based Medicine -- Subject Guide (Duke University)

Asking the Clinical Question

• Focusing Clinical Questions - from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
• Study Design - from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
• Types of Studies - from the SUNY Downstate EBM Tutorial
• Types of Studies - from Yale University
• Classification of study designs (Version 6) - from Madhukar Pai, UC Berkeley
• Understanding Research Study Designs - from the University of Minnesota Libraries, Bio-Medical Library

Finding the Evidence

• The EBM Page Generator - Developed by Jan Glover (Yale) and Karen Odato (Dartmouth), this site allows you to create your own EBM web page with your resources for your website. Once you've gone through the process, you'll end up with the code to export to your own web site.
• Finding Evidence-Based Answers to Clinical Questions - Quickly and Effectively
• Answering Clinical Questions in Real Time for Nursing - from the Library & Resource Center, St. Francis Medical Center, Peoria
• Useful MeSH for Evidence-Based Medicine - from the Hirsh Health Sciences Library, Tufts University

Appraising the Evidence: 

• How to Read a Paper- A series of full text articles by Trisha Greenhalgh published in BMJ.
• The GATE frame: critical appraisal with pictures (RAMMbo) Jackson R. Evid Based Med. 2006 Apr;11(2):35-8.
• FRISBE for critical appraisal of therapy studies.  Duke University.
• CASP critical appraisal tools

• An Introduction to Diagnostic Tests - by Stephen D. Simon, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics
• Evidence-based Medicine: Answering questions of diagnosis - Clin Med Res 2004 Feb;2(1):63-9. PMID: 15931337
• An introduction to critical appraisal of articles of diagnosis - J Am Osteopath Assoc 2007 Aug;107(8):304-9. PMID: 17785687
• How to use an article about a diagnosis test - from the Centre for Health Evidence
• Websites for calculating sensitivity/specificity:
  • Diagnostic Test Calculator - from Alan Schwartz at the University of Illinois, Chicago.
  • UBC Bayesian Calculator - from the University of British Columbia
  • CEBM Stats Calculator - from the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Toronto
  • Screening and Diagnostic Tests - from eMedicine
• Appraising Systematic Reviews - from the Joanna Briggs Institute

Interpreting Results (RRR, ARR and NNT)

• ACP Primers on statistics
• Basic statistics for clinicians: 3. Assessing the effects of treatment: measures of association.  
• NNT/NNH Calculator - from Alan Schwartz at the University of Illinois, Chicago.
• Number Needed to Treat - from Stephen D. Simon, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics
• Stating the Meaning of Effect Size Measures in Plain English - from the Duke Program on Teaching Evidence-Based Practice
• Bias and Confounding - a good, brief explanation from the Research Technical Guide, College of Emergency Medicine, London, England

• Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat. CMAJ. 2004 Aug 17;171(4):353-8. PMID: 15313996
• Tips for teachers of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat. CMAJ. 2004 Aug 17;171(4):online only
• CONSORT guidelines - The main product of CONSORT is the CONSORT Statement, which is an evidence-based, minimum set of recommendations for reporting RCTs.
• Know your chances: Understanding health statistics - Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L. M., & Welch, H. G., Berkeley: University of California Press (2008). Book written for health consumers in easy to understand language about understanding health statistics.
• Intention to Treat - from Stephen D. Simon (aka Professor Mean), Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics
• Intention To Treat Principle - An article from CMAJ (November 13, 2001;165(10))
• Inclusion of patients in clinical trial analysis: the intention-to-treat principle - Heritier SR, Gebski VJ, Keech AC. Med.J.Aust. 2003 Oct 20;179(8):438-440.

Qualitative Research

• Appraising qualitative research in health education: guidelines for public health educators.
• Health Promotion Practice. 2010 Sep;11(5):612-7. PMID: 20817630
• Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research). BMJ. 1997 Sep 20;315(7110):740-3. PubMed PMID: 9314762
• Qualitative Research filters - from Duke University Medical Center Library
• Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions

Evidence Based Practice: Nursing

• Evidence Based Nursing  http://www.cebm.utoronto.ca/syllabi/nur/  From the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine at the University of Toronto. A syllabus and case examples.

•  Evidence Based Nursing  http://www.hsl.unc.edu/services/Tutorials/EBN/splash.htm

• Evidence Based Nursing  http://ebn.bmjjournals.com/  A journal of quality appraised abstracted research relevant to nursing practice.

•  Evidence Based Practice Resource Area http://onsopcontent.ons.org/toolkits/evidence/  

•  Research & Clinical Resources for Evidence Based Nursing http://www.muhc-ebn.mcgill.ca/EBN_tools.htm

• Best Practice Guidelines Program  http://www.rnao.org/Page.asp?PageID=861&SiteNodeID=133

• Nursing Resources for Evidence Based Practice  http://www.library.vcu.edu/tml/bibs/ebnursing.html

Bibliography

•  Richardson WS. Wilson MC. Nishikawa J. Hayward RS. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP Journal Club. Nov-Dec 1995 123(3):A12-3  http://www.mclibrary.duke.edu/training/courses/ebm600/richardson.pdf

• Booth A. Structuring the pre-search reference interview: a useful technique for handling clinical questions. Bull Med Libr Assoc. July 2000 88(3):239-246.   http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10928709

• Campbell R, Ash J. An evaluation of five bedside information products using a user-centered, task-oriented approach. J Med Libr Assoc. 2006 Oct;94(4):435-41, e206-7. PMID: 17082836  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17082836

• Doig, GS. Efficient literature searching: a core skill for the practice of evidence-based medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Dec;29(12):2119-27.

• Ebbert JO, Dupras DM, Erwin PJ. Searching the medical literature using PubMed: a tutorial. Mayo Clin Proc. January 2003 78(1):87-91.

• Grandage KK, Slawson DC, Shaughnessy AF. When less is more: a practical approach to searching for evidence-based answers. J Med Libr Assoc. July 2002; 90(3):298-304. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12113514

• Haynes RB. Of studies, syntheses, synopses, summaries, and systems: the "5S" evolution of information services for evidence-based health care decisions. ACP J Club. 2006 Nov-Dec;145(3):A8. PMID: 17080967

• Hubbard DR. How to find clinical information quickly at the point of care. Fam Pract Manag. 2008 Jun;15(6):23-8. PMID: 18595561.

• McKibbon KA, Fridsma DB. Effectiveness of clinician-selected electronic information resources for answering primary care physicians' information needs. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006 Nov-Dec;13(6):653-9. Epub 2006 Aug 23. PMID: 16929042   http://www.jamia.org/cgi/content/full/13/6/653

• Schwartz MD, Dowell D, Aperi J, Kalet AL. Improving journal club presentations, or, I can present that paper in under 10 minutes. Evid Based Med. 2007 Jun;12(3):66-8. PMID: 17537877.   http://ebm.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/3/66-a
• Weinfeld, JM. How to answer your clinical questions more efficiently. Family Practice Management Jul/Aug 2005 12(7):37-41. 

• Guyatt AD, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. December 1 1993 270(21):2598-601. http://www.cche.net/text/usersguides/therapy.asp

• Jaeschke R., Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results valid? Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. February 2 1994 ;271(5):389-91. http://www.cche.net/text/usersguides/diagnosis.asp

• Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson WS, Tugwell P. Users' guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. July 20 1994 272(3):234-7.  http://www.cche.net/text/usersguides/prognosis.asp

• Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V. Users' guides to the medical literature. IV. How to use an article about harm. Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. May 25 1994 271(20):1615-9. http://www.cche.net/text/usersguides/harm.asp

• Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt H. Users' guides to the medical literature: VI. How to use an overview. Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. November 2 1994 272(17):1367-1371.  http://www.cche.net/text/usersguides/overview.asp