There are two ways of using EndNote with footnotes:

• You can create the footnotes using your word processor, and then insert the citations into the footnotes using a normal author-date style like APA. After you format the paper, the footnotes will contain abbreviated in-text citations such as (Smith, 1992) and the full reference will appear in the list of references at the end of the paper.


• You can create the footnotes using your word processor, and then insert the citations into the footnotes using a special style which is configured to deal specifically with footnotes. The standard EndNote output style for footnotes is Chicago 15thA, which is based on the provisions of the Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition). With these styles, the citation may appear in the footnote as a complete reference, an abbreviated reference with just a short title, or as "ibid.", depending on how the style is configured. The full reference will appear in the list of references at the end of the paper. For more information on this procedure, see below.

To find out how your output style handles footnotes:

• In EndNote, click on Edit on the top menu bar, then Output Styles - Open Style Manager
• Highlight the relevant output style and click on Edit
• When the edit window opens, go to Footnotes in the left-hand pane, and click on the subheading Templates.
• On the right-hand side of the edit window, you will see a drop-down menu showing how EndNote formats citations in the footnotes.

If the setting is Same as citations, EndNote will format the references like the citations in your text, which is probably something like: (Smith, 1999).

If the setting is Using footnote format, EndNote will format the references in a special footnote style, which is defined in the Templates pane below the drop-down menu.

If the setting is Same as bibliography, EndNote will format the references in the footnotes in the same was as the references in the bibliography at the end of your document.

USING SPECIAL FOOTNOTE STYLES (e.g. Chicago 15A)

Inserting References into the Document:

• In your Word document, make sure the cursor is in the correct place (i.e. where you want to insert the footnote reference mark).
• The procedure for inserting references in Word varies, depending on the version of Word which you are using. Check the Help screens in Word. In Word 2007 for example, you must click on the References tab on the ribbon at the top of the screen, and then select Insert Footnote. (You may find it helpful to put the Insert Footnote command onto the Quick Start Toolbar in Word 2007, to speed up this process.)
  
• You will have to choose between Footnote (where the notes appear at the bottom of each page) or Endnotes (where the notes appear at the end of the document). NOTE: Do not confuse this use of the term Endnotes with your EndNote software.
• Now use EndNote to insert the citation in the Footnote.
• Repeat this procedure for each footnote.


• You must insert a Page Break before the bibliography at the end of the document. This will ensure your bibliography is printed on a separate page at the end of your document, while the footnotes will appear at the bottom of each page, correctly formatted.




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To insert specific page numbers in footnotes:

• To include specific page numbers for a reference in a footnote, highlight the citation and select the EndNote Edit Citation(s) command. You will now see a dialogue box. In the box labelled Pages type the page number(s). Click on the OK button.
• This will only work if the EndNote output style is configured to cope with Cited Pages. Most styles that provide for specific footnote formatting are configured in this way.
• Note that the specific page numbers will not appear in the bibliography at the end of the document.




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What if I don't want a bibliography at the end of the document?

Most of the footnote styles supplied with the EndNote software will format the references in the footnotes and produce a bibliography at the end of the document. If you are writing a short work (e.g. a journal article), you may not require a separate bibliography at the end of the document.

To edit the output style so that it does not generate a bibliography at the end of the document:

• Go to the Styles Manager and open the style for editing.
• Select File - Save As, to save the output style under a new name.
• In the left-hand frame, click on the Footnotes heading.
• Under this heading, select the Templates section.
• On the right-hand side of the edit window, uncheck the box labelled Include citations in bibliography.
• Close the edit window by clicking on the X button. When prompted, save the changes that you have made.
• Return to Word. Select the edited output style, and use the Update Citations and Bibliography command (or the Format Bibliography command in earlier versions).
  
  

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Why are the repeated citations abbreviated?

Most footnote styles require citations to be abbreviated if they have already been cited once. The EndNote footnote styles are normally configured to do this.

If the reference is cited again in the following footnote, EndNote will normally insert Ibid.

If the reference is cited again, but not in the immediately following footnote, EndNote will often use a short form of citation, consisting only of the Author and the Title. If the reference in the EndNote library includes a Short Title field, the output style may use this instead of the Title field.

In EndNote 6 and later versions, the Short Title field is available in all reference types. You must decide on the form which the Short Title should take, and insert this data in the Short Title field.

In EndNote 5 and earlier versions, the Short Title field is not available unless you first modify the reference types to make it appear.

If you wish to edit an output style to change the way in which it handles repeated citations in footnotes, open the output style for editing. Under the Footnotes heading, select the Repeated Citations section.

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How can I modify the citation in the footnote to remove the author's name?

When using an author/date style (e.g. Harvard style), EndNote allows you to modify the citations in your document in various ways, such as removing the author or year from the citation. Unfortunately, this is not possible with a footnote style.

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How can I make the footnote numbering start again from "1" when I begin a new chapter?

At the beginning of each chapter, insert a Section break so that each chapter is a separate Section. When you insert your first footnote in a new chapter, display the footnote options and check the option Restart Each Section. Word will now begin numbering the footnotes at 1 in the new chapter.

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Microsoft Word keeps "freezing" and I lose any changes that I have not saved. How can I stop this?

This problem sometimes occurs in EndNote 7 and earlier versions.You may find it helpful to turn off the EndNote instant formatting option (also called Cite While You Write, or CWYW for short).

On the EndNote toolbar (or the EndNote submenu under Tools), click on the button for Cite While You Write Preferences. When the dialog box opens, uncheck the option to Enable Instant Formatting on New Word Documents. Click the OK button to confirm this change.

Then click on the Format Bibliography button on the toolbar. When the dialog box opens, click on the Instant Formatting tab. If the first button is labelled Enable, there is nothing to change, and you can click on the OK button. But if the first button is labelled Disable, click on it and it will change to Enable. Then click on the OK button.

If you have disabled the instant formatting, references will appear in an unformatted format when you insert them in a footnote, e.g. {Martorell, 1984 #56}

You can format these references at any time by clicking on the Format Bibliography button.

If you wish to add a pinpoint citation for a specific page, you can add the details after the unformatted citation, using the @ symbol, e.g. {Martorell, 1984 #56@243}

Alternatively, you can format the citation before adding the pinpoint citation. Then highlight the reference, use the Edit Citation(s) command, and enter the data in the Pages box. You will have to use the Format Bibliography command to format the edited citation.